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- The name ISIS has been doing rounds since the conflict in Iraq started to come in limelight during June 2014. ISIS carried out large scale offensives in Iraq during June 2014 and took control of important cities like Tikrit, Nineveh Province and prominent portions of Mosul, the second most populous city in Iraq after capital Baghdad. It already had established its stronghold in important Iraqi city of Fallujah earlier.
What ISIS stands for?
- In English language ISIS stands for Islamic State in Iraq and Syria. This nomenclature is being used for this jihadi militant group which has laid its claims to the territory of Iraq and Syria. However, since the ISIS has also been claiming over more of the Levant region including countries like Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Cyprus and parts of Southern Turkey, it has also been called the Islamic State in Iraq and Levant (ISIL). It is worth noting that Levant represents geographic and cultural region consisting of the eastern Mediterranean littoral “between Anatolia and Egypt” and includes countries like of Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and part of southern Turkey.
Who is leading ISIS and who are its soldiers?
- ISIS is led by Bakr al‑Baghdadi, an ambitious Iraqi militant with a $10 million U.S. bounty on his head. After taking the reins in 2010, al‑Baghdadi successfully transformed what had been an umbrella organization focused mainly on Iraq into a transnational military force.
- The United Nations has held ISIL responsible for human rights abuses and war crimes, and Amnesty International has reported ethnic cleansing by the group on a "historic scale". The group has been designated as a terrorist organization by the United Nations, the European Union, the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, Canada, Indonesia, Malaysia, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt, India, and Russia. Over 60 countries are directly or indirectly waging war against ISIL.
- The group originated as Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad in 1999, which was renamed Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn—commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI)—when the group pledged allegiance to al-Qaeda in 2004. Following the 2003 invasion of Iraq, AQI took part in the Iraqi insurgency. In 2006, it joined other Sunni insurgent groups to form theMujahideen Shura Council, which shortly afterwards proclaimed the formation of an Islamic state, naming it the Islamic State of Iraq (ISI). The ISI gained a significant presence in Al Anbar, Nineveh, Kirkuk and other areas, but around 2008, its violent methods, including suicide attacks on civilian targets and the widespread killing of prisoners, led to a backlash from Sunni Iraqis and other insurgent groups.
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